Our range of CBD Oil consists of between 5% to 20%, full spectrum, high quality CBD. It’s a slow-releasing form of CBD and, if used on a regular basis, will provide consistent benefits. This makes CBD oil ideal for those with long term conditions, including arthritis, chronic pain, inflammation and anxiety. In 2017, a study using rats as pre-clinic models of arthritis examined whether CBD could block inflammatory and neuropathic pain associated with sodium monoiodacetate . Its findings deemed both oral and topical administration of CBD effective in reducing inflammation typically associated with osteoarthritis . Therefore, the potential of CBD was recognised as an analgesic and neuroprotective agent for osteoarthritis.

Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified healthcare providers because of something you have read on SelfHacked. We understand that reading individual, real-life experiences can be a helpful resource, but it is never a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment from a qualified healthcare provider. The opinions expressed in this section are solely those of CBD oil users who may or may not have medical or scientific training. SelfHacked does not endorse any specific product, service, or treatment.

Long-term dosing with CBD may also offer other benefits to overall health. According to anecdotal evidence, effects seem to be quick and last longer than other consumption methods. Sublingual bioavailability is believed to be around 12-35% according to a study, which is another wide range but indicates sublingual products offer a more reliable absorption rate than taking CBD orally. The last study to specifically look at oral bioavailability for CBD was in 1986—which showed a bioavailability of around 6%—so some have looked at studies on THC for guidance. For increased tumour mass, the dose was increased, in some cases up to 30 drops twice a day ,” the report states.

The CBD in this product is completely organic and GMO-free, as well as third-party tested. 1oz contains 500mg, a medium concentration that works well for inflammation and moderate pain. This fresh and simple 500mg CBD cream by Joy organics is one of the best products we’ve found to fight inflammation. This calming balm has a thick texture that makes it ideal to apply to smaller areas of inflammation . We recommend applying it every 4 to 6 hours to get consistent relief over extended periods of time.

In the same study CBD also reduced pulmonary fibrosis – a condition where lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred, thickening lung tissue and making breathing more difficult. This is important, because COVID-19 can also leave patients with serious pulmonary fibrosis. The FDA has yet to approve an effective drug for vestibular disorders.

When your immune system becomes hyperactive, it starts releasing different chemicals, such as histamine, in mast cells. Histamine and other compounds are what triggers allergy symptoms people experience. As mentioned above, activation of the immune system causes inflammation all over the body, including nasal pathways, the eyes, skin, and throat. Many people who take CBD for allergies report that it helps ease their allergy symptoms. Unfortunately, the research regarding these benefits is scarce — there have not yet been any studies conducted on using CBD oil for allergies.

Doctor Approved Treatment

Research has been completed on the consequences 4 tips to preserve youth beauty allueur of hashish or cannabinoids on continual ache, significantly neuropathic ache . Inflammation is part of the body’s safety mechanism and performs a task in therapeutic. Arthritis is a typical inflammatory disorder characterised by ache and irritation of the tissues. The persistent irritation from weight problems, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and different disorders is commonly dealt with by life-fashion treatment, vitamin, and focused prescription drugs. CBD tinctures are similar to oils, but use alcohol as the service instead of oils. This gives them a longer shelf-life and it makes it simpler for herbalists and naturopaths to mix other anti-inflammatory herbs into the formulation — nevertheless, the style is unpleasant.

Through a number of trials, tons of of patients, and dozens of ailments, we’ve constructed our own physique of proof to optimize each product. Since our founding in 2014, we’ve meticulously examined every aspect of our products. Our merchandise feature managed dosing, focused provide, practical and superior formulation providing our prospects an expertise with affect.

The endocannabinoid system is an important molecular system responsible for controlling homeostasis and is becoming an increasingly popular target of pharmacotherapy. Endocannabinoids are ester, ether, and amide derivatives of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids , such as arachidonic acid, and they act mainly as cannabinoid receptor ligands . Endocannabinoids belong to a large group of compounds with a similar structure and biological activity called cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are chemical derivatives of dibenzopyrene or monoterpenoid, and to date over four hundred have been identified. The medical use of cannabinoids, in particular phytocannabinoids, has been one of the most interesting approaches to pharmacotherapy in recent years.

Studies have shown CBD can help reduce chronic pain by impacting endocannabinoid receptor activity, which may also reduce inflammation. Always seek the advice of a physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition and before consuming or using any of the products mentioned on this site. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. This Content has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.

Science Backed Benefits Of Consuming Cbd Oil

Unlike different cannabinoids — comparable to tetrahydrocannabinol — CBD doesn’t produce a euphoric “extreme.” This is because of CBD doesn’t have an effect on the identical receptors as THC. As a defensive measure, the white blood cells in your body send a chemical response which increases blood flow in that area, contributing to the redness and/or swelling mentioned above. So, inflammation is, in fact, your body’s way of fighting off infections, injuries, and toxins. One of the reasons people have different CBD experiences is because we all metabolize substances at different rates. This is why some people, who have lower levels of naturally occurring cannabinoids, have to take their CBD for a longer time to feel the effects. When the selection for elements is done, manufacturers treat the elements with some basic chemicals to know the reactions.

Is Cannabis Oil Cbd Can You Take Cbd Oil With Alcohol

Upon clarification of this new code, the DEA indicated that CBD extracts that contains even small amounts of other cannabinoids would still fall under the old code, making them illegal under federal rule. However,CBD extracts that contain no other cannabinoids would fall under the new code, where they could potentially be legal to use. To make matters more complex, on December 14, 2016, the DEA issued aFinal Rulethat created a new code number designed to cover “any material, compound, mixture, or preparation” surrounding the marijuana plant. Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, attaches to the CB1 receptors, which explains why smoking or otherwise ingesting marijuana affects users on a cognitive level.

That’s why your doctor is your best source for guidance and monitoring when using an unregulated product. If you experience any unwanted side effects when using a CBD product, immediately discontinue use and inform your doctor. Start with just a few milligrams of CBD in sublingual form twice a day. If relief is inadequate after one week, increase the dose by that same amount. If you find relief, continue taking that dose twice daily to maintain a stable level of CBD in the blood. Topical products, like lotions and balms, are applied to the skin over a painful joint.

Han K.H., Lim S., Ryu J., Lee C.W., Kim Y., Kang J.H., Kang S.S., Ahn Y.K., Park C.S., Kim J.J. CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors differentially regulate the production of reactive oxygen species by macrophages. McPartland J.M., Duncan M., Di Marzo V., Pertwee R.G. Are cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabivarin negative modulators of the endocannabinoid system? Cheng D., Low J.K., Logge W., Garner B., Karl T. Chronic cannabidiol treatment improves social and object recognition in double transgenic APPswe/PS1∆E9 mice. Valvassori S.S., Elias G., De Souza B., Petronilho F., Dal-Pizzol F., Kapczinski F., Trzesniak C., Tumas V., Dursun S., Chagas M.H., et al.

How Does Cbd Compare To Prescription Drugs For Vestibular Disorders?

CBD is one of the primary cannabinoids present in the marijuana plant. We are deep in the wake of the legalization wave, pushing CBD and other cannabinoids Bolígrafos para vapear CBD to the forefront of scientific research and medical studies. The results of the animal study showed CBD as a promising treatment for pain relief in humans.

Because it’s approachable and uncomplicated and offers a full range of beneficial cannabis compounds. It provides an easy way to get started and doesn’t include any extra ingredients like a lot of processed products. When it comes to choosing CBD, only rely on high-quality products for maximum therapeutic benefits. High-quality brands grow, harvest, extract, and process with intention and integrity.

The most common aredizziness, dry mouth, mood changes, gastrointestinal issues — including nausea — and fatigue. Both THC and CBD reduce the production of cytokines, the pro-inflammatory signaling proteins made by immune cells that are overproduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. Arthritis affects more than 50 million people in the United States, making it the leading cause of disability in America today. It’s a painful and debilitating condition that severely impacts one’s quality of life, and many of its typical treatments come with harsh side effects of their own.

The properties of CBDs make them helpful in treating inflammation, pain, and anxiety. They can be taken as a supplement or ingested through food, and these treatments are generally safe with few side effects. With so many different CBD products on the market, knowing which one is best for you cannot be easy. Some people are looking for relief from pain and inflammation, while others look for a mental boost. One thing they all have in common is that they are often significantly less expensive than prescription medications, but it is important to note that. An animal-based study published in 2016 found that doses of 6.2 or 62 milligrams of topical CBD per day helped reduce joint swelling and limb posture in rats with arthritis.

The immune system protects the body from alien bodies by producing antibodies. Allergic responses happen when the body produces antibodies to combat a body that it considers harmful, even when it isn’t. When your body comes into contact with this allergen, the immune system responds in ways that may cause inflammation to the skin, digestive system, airways, and more. Since it is spread throughout the body, the endocannabinoid system is responsible for behavioral and physiological processes such as digestion, movement, anxiety, and even immune responses. Now that we’ve seen how CBD works in the body, let’s take a look at what allergies are, and how and why they manifest. Further research needs to be done on CBD’s therapeutic effects on gout symptoms.

The amount of CBD may not be consistent, and products can contain varying amounts of the psychoactive component THC. According to the Institute of Medicine of The National Academies, 100 million Americans live with chronic pain. The team of experts at ValidCBDoil.com helps thousands of people to avoid fake & unverified CBD brands. Our main mood rite cbd gummies aim is to provide our readers with reliable information about only certified, trustworthy, and natural CBD products. If you have a mild condition, you don’t need to buy super-potent oil with 100 mg CBD per milliliter. It’s because you can get relief from smaller doses, and purchasing a strong product will only complicate daily dosing.

This can be a breakthrough miracle drug for polymyalgia sufferers. To help with back pain, people all turning to many different forms of CBD. There are various ways in which you can alleviate arthritis symptoms using CBD. Since pain is often related to inflammation, CBD might be worth checking out.

Half Life Of Cbd Hemp Oil

Yang L., Rozenfeld R., Wu D., Devi L.A., Zhang Z., Cederbaum A. Cannabidiol protects liver from binge alcohol-induced steatosis by mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in autophagy. If you are suffering from chronic or intense pain, a higher dose of CBD may be necessary in order to get the job done. Additionally, your body weight has a direct impact on your body’s ability to metabolize CBD.

When it comes to treating the pain caused by conditions like tendonitis, using a topical CBD cream for tendonitis is a great option, although CBD oil for tennis elbow and CBD capsules are great choices as well. If you’ve ever suffered from tendonitis, you know that the pain can be unbearable. While certain prescription medications and topical treatments can provide relief, you may be interested in trying out a more natural remedy in order to deal with the pain. CBD comes from an entirely different plant – the hemp plant – that contains only trace amounts of THC which are not enough to cause these effects. CBD does not activate the receptors that make marijuana psychoactive and addictive. Cannabidiol is extracted from industrial hemp plants that do not contain significant amounts of the psychoactive substance found in marijuana strains of cannabis.

This results in a product that takes care of inflammation on many different levels and can offer very powerful results. Some lab studies have offered early signs that CBD could alter certain biological changes that cause COPD. The inflammation doesn’t go away and leads to irreversible blockages in your airways. CBD does seem to fight inflammation, at least in studies on animals. And a 2020 study in the Journal of Cannabis Research found that cannabis oil appeared to act as an anti-inflammatory when exposed to human lung cells in a laboratory.

At the most basic level, these two chemicals act in tandem to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Your Greenlight Approved retailer can help you select just the right combination. CBD reduces inflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory markers release. Additionally, CBD breaks chemical reactions that produce free radicals and helps your body remove them.

Heart Health Benefits Of Exercise

During the past few years, awareness of the cannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of liver disease has gained momentum. Both CB1 and CB2 receptors have been shown to be upregulated in the early stages of liver injury [68–72]. CB1 receptors have been found to be upregulated in the vascular endothelium and in myofibroblasts located in fibrotic bands of cirrhotic livers in human and rodents . CB2 receptors are also expressed in myofibroblasts, inflammatory cells and biliary epithelial cells .

Research states that CBD can reduce stress by regulating the production of cortisol. CBD has already been proven to reduce inflammation in the body, directly tied to the harm of cytokines released by the coronavirus.Many COVID-19 patients did not die from the virus itself. The body’s response to the virus—a process called a cytokine storm—caused the body to go into a “fight” mode, causing breathing issues and over-saturation of cytokines in the body.

But many people use CBD to self-treat a variety of conditions, including pain, insomnia, anxiety, and others. There isn’t much research on whether CBD helps with these health problems, though some evidence is beginning to build. For example, a handful of early studies in both animals and humans suggests that CBD could help ease anxiety, though more research is needed. Many patients find the Can you take delta 8 gummies for pain? various potential side effects of medical marijuana worth it to help treat their inflammation. Marijuana is an affordable and natural option when compared with traditional anti-inflammatory medications and other forms of treatment. Medical cannabis strains rich in CBD appeal to patients looking for anti-pain, anti-inflammatory and anti-spasm effects, all associated with inflammation.

Compared with common anti-inflammatory medication similar to Aspirin — which inhibits only one enzyme involved in the inflammatory process — we discover CBD more effective for combating inflammation. CBD has several oblique anti-inflammatory results on the central nervous system, which amplify its therapeutic results. Research has demonstrated that cannabinoids, like cannabidiol, can interfere with the release of cytokines. We all are more concerned that how a product’s formula reacts to the body system after leading to further processes. Hero CBD Oil has a method that allows the body to perform various tasks along with providing relief to stress, inflammation, and panic attacks.

Research on people without depression, meanwhile, showed similar mood- and esteem-boosting effects. Fans claim it can do everything from relieve stress and anxiety to improve chronic pain, lessen depression, ease arthritis, and improve epilepsy. When external cannabinoids like CBD are introduced to someone with CECD via products like CBD oil, they can stimulate the endocannabinoid receptors and help return the digestive tract to a state of homeostasis. This ultimately aids in reducing the abdominal pain and intestinal inflammation associated with conditions like IBS. The products sold on this website are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

2-arachidonoylglycerol, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, induces accelerated production of chemokines in HL-60 cells. Derocq JM, Jbilo O, Bouaboula M, Segui M, Clere C, Casellas P. Genomic and functional changes induced by the activation of the peripheral cannabinoid receptor CB2 in the promyelocytic cells HL-60. Possible involvement of the CB2 receptor in cell differentiation. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Endocannabinoids, CB1 antagonists and CB2 agonists as potential drugs for the treatment of liver injury. Ajulemic acid, a side-chain synthetic analog of Δ-THC-11-oic acid, has been shown to induce apoptosis in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes via the intrinsic pathway at concentrations of 1, 3 and 10 μM .

The CBD comes from agricultural hemp that farms grow using only sunlight and water. The company claims that this means that the gummies contain not only CBD, but also some other minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and fatty acids that may boost the fatty acids in the brain to promote health. Cannabinoids, including CBD, are believed to be anti-inflammatory. Estimates are that by 2025, the number of Americans with the disease will be close to 50 million. Considering these facts it becomes very important to have a substance with minimal side effects in the treatment regimen of these inflammatory conditions.

This article will discuss what the research says about CBD and inflammation and explore some of the available edible and topical CBD products. There is some evidence supporting the idea that CBD can act as an anti-inflammatory treatment for some diseases. Scientific research has shown promising results regarding the use of CBD for inflammation. The compound is non-psychoactive, and therefore, legal in many states. It is a relatively safer substitute for prescribed medications as it does not pose any risks of overdose.

However, our survey results revealed that people using CBD daily tend to find their products more effective than survey respondents using CBD as needed. Most daily users felt the results of their CBD within 7-14 days of consistent use. While it’s easy to find an impressive number of user testimonials reporting favorable results, there are relatively few reports specifically focused on activity-induced inflammation or post-workout recovery. However, numerous studies dating as far back as 2009 seem to confirm earlier observations of CBD’s anti-inflammatory potential. Although you could use an over-the-counter medication to help alleviate occasional discomfort, frequent use can cause a considerable number of alarming side effects. Instead of reaching for the same bottle of pills you’ve likely relied on for years, maybe it’s time to consider trying a natural, plant-based alternative – CBD.

The Growing Recognition Of Topical Cbd For Athletes

There is no recommended dosage for treating tendonitis, it is a matter of gradually increasing your dose until you achieve the desired effect. For help with dosing, arrange a no-obligation chat with the staff at Origin’40 or read our online dosage guide. There are lots of ways to take CBD – it can be ingested, inhaled, or applied topically. The cause of your pain will help you decide which CBD product to use. Rosemary is passionate about living not only longer but maintaining her health as she ages.She has done a lot of research and loves sharing this information here to save you a lot of time. Vaping CBD oil with a vape or electronic cigarette is another popular consumption method that many people enjoy.

Though inflammation can be unpleasant, painful, and uncomfortable, it is actually a way for the body to protect itself from various issues. Inflammation occurs where the white blood cells in the body multiply rapidly to protect the host from infection, bacteria, and viruses. The exception to this general approach is when one suffers from diseases like arthritis. Such conditions cause the body’s immune system to trigger the body to respond and thus, the immune system will damage the body with the white blood cells. With the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, hemp-based mostly CBD grew to become federally legal nationwide. Each state is completely completely different, so study the approved data you need and purchase with confidence.

Due to the multiple potentially active ingredients in these products, it’s hard to determine if an effect is due to CBD, or other ingredients present in the product. Symptoms are usually localized to one or two weight-bearing joints such as the knees or hips and cause pain in the affected joint. Inflammation and neuropathic pain often co-occur with osteoarthritis and can worsen joint pain. Neuropathic pain occurs when nerves inappropriately send pain signals to the brain. Neuropathic pain can be the result of nerve damage, diabetes, trauma or physical injury, and even some medications.

If the treatment is based upon the two, these symptoms need monitoring. The main problem with this therapy concerns drugs that treat pain and inflammation, such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, ketorolac, and ketoprofen. Lupus is associated with the inflammation of almost any part of the body. It is a chronic condition with an autoimmune mechanism — in other words, the organism starts producing altered antibodies that attack healthy human cells. The study concludes that CBD has a “useful role” in cancer symptoms and has evidence of killing cancer cells, but it should not be the sole treatment against cancer.

Currently, there has been no formal study on how CBD affects dogs. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Most importantly, CBD can reduce tumors by enhancing the body’s response to cytotoxic drugs like chemo. And CBD has been shown to prevent the spread of breast, prostate, brain, colon, and lung cancer, in animals. Preliminary studies show that CBD can be an effective treatment for those who are suffering from multiple sclerosis and arthritis. First, if you asked before 2018 about CBD oil as a potential treatment for cancer, you may have gotten a quick eye roll from your doctor.

Reported side effects have included diarrhea, fatigue, and changes in appetite. It is also possible that CBD can interact with certain medications. That’s why it is always critical to consult with your doctor if you are on medication to assess if this is the right Can I consume CBD gummies along with other CBD products? fit for your health needs. Your body weight and the product you are using will determine the right dosage. Your response to treatment may lead your doctor to adjust the dosage. Aspiring political journalist & small-town stoner currently living in Los Angeles.

The pain, swelling, and redness will dissipate within the coming hours or days at most. Targeting CB2 cannabinoid receptors as a novel therapy to treat malignant lymphoblastic disease. Smith SR, Terminelli C, Denhardt G. Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist and antagonist ligands on production of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 in endotoxemic mice. Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alter cytokine production by human immune cells.

Continuous pressure on the median nerve can, over time, cause serious nerve damage. This damage is permanent and leads to worse, more intense symptoms. But, if your cat has very pronounced symptoms, you may want to try Canna-Pet’s Advanced MaxHemp Capsules for extra relief.

It can be applied directly to the site of the pain for on-the-spot relief, then reapplied as and when needed throughout the day. The potential of CBD to reduce inflammation and manage pain holds a great deal of promise for people who are looking for an alternative way to treat their tendonitis. CBD oil is for you if you are dealing with multiple stress factors throughout your day. Chronic stress from things like traffic, work pressure, and difficult personal circumstances can eventually affect your health in several ways. Since CBD oil has a relaxing effect, it can alleviate chronic stress and anxiety, helping you cope with daily stressors.

They can use this extract to mix into a tincture, into food, or simply putting a pure extract under their tongue. Penguin doesn’t have any certifications, but all products are made using CBD extract sourced from U.S. grown hemp plants. An advanced isolate process is used to create top-grade extract that is combined with other ingredients. R+R Medicinals only uses USDA Organic Certified hemp, and has earned that certification on all 8 of their tincture variants, as well as their two gummy variants. They are also US Hemp Authority certified, which means their supply chain was rigorously audited from seed to shelf for safety, authenticity, and quality. Verma Farms offers many ways to save money on their high quality product.

There are no clinical studies that have been conducted on CBD oil and asthma in humans. Therefore, the proper dosages of CBD oil for asthma are not known. Your lungs may become more sensitive to asthma triggers due to CBD oil. There’s one old study that associated THC with the onset of an allergic reaction . Since CBD and THC have a similar structure, there is a chance that CBD can also trigger allergies. However, when we consider the anti-inflammatory and histamine-blocking properties of CBD, such reactions are highly unlikely to occur.

To make high-quality CBD oil, you must first start by choosing a CBD rich plant. Once selected, there are many ways in which CBD oil is extracted. For example, oils made with solvents like butane and hexane can be harmful to your body hence defeating the purpose of it helping you get well. When we find out about cognitive enhancement, we typically consider the plot of the motion picture Limitless, in which Bradley Coopers character has a mystical drug injected into his brain that opens his capacity. While we dont have the ability to inject brain drugs into our heads, we do have a number of supplements and nootropic substances that have actually been clinically shown to increase concentration and awareness. Ourmedical cannabis dispensarylist features dispensaries across the country and includes all the information you need including location, hours, delivery information, reviews and more.

While they are THC-Free, they do contain minor cannabinoids and terpenes. We were impressed by the transparency and responsible sourcing practices that Colorado Botanicals follows. It’s also impressive that Colorado Botanicals recognizes the vital role terpenes play in the effects of CBD. The amount of CBD in each Colorado Botanicals product is high compared to the prices this brand charges, and Colorado Botanicals has a reputation for impressive customer service. Offering some of the most pure CBD oil we’ve encountered, Colorado Botanicals thoroughly deserves our #1 slot.

It is known that under oxidative conditions, alterations in enzymatic activity may be caused by oxidative modifications of proteins, mainly aromatic and sulfur amino acids . In addition, CBD has been found to inhibit tryptophan degradation by reducing indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity . CBD also supports the action of antioxidant enzymes by preventing a reduction in the levels of microelements (e.g., Zn or Sn), which are usually lowered in pathological conditions. These elements are necessary for the biological activity of some proteins, especially enzymes such as superoxide dismutase or glutathione peroxidase . CBD reduces oxidative conditions by preventing the formation of superoxide radicals, which are mainly generated by xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase . This activity was shown in the renal nephropathy model using cisplatin-treated mice (C57BL/6J) and in human coronary endothelial cells .

CBD should be one part of an overall pain management plan that includes nonmedication options and psychological support. If you apply it liberal enough in your application, the pores on your skin will absorb CBD to provide massive targeted healing. So, what’s the secret behind the phenomenal relief it’s delivering? If you want us to share the goods, first you must re-share this article. After that, you must tag us in a picture with your Smilyn products. Beyond the power to fight infection and heal injuries, inflammation infiltrates a dark side to be reckoned with — called destruction.

Muscle relaxants often help with alleviating the low back pain symptoms but are generally not adequate for more extended use, since they can cause addiction. Given these studies, we might safely conclude that preliminary studies show CBD’s potential to relieve the symptoms of back pain and soothe irritation. In fact, most CBD products available don’t contain THC, the substance that causes physiological effects.